Note: This is the focus of public governance in China since reform and opening up the changes and issues in an interview, as is the conversation, so the content is relatively loose, the concept is also not very rigorous, of course, the relative lack of logic, but more or less clear in my ideas and understanding. I thought this topic is very difficult to publish, this time to publish it, I am very happy!, of course, very grateful to the season Xiaoli China Economic Herald, an ideal and an enterprising young reporter, only able to express interest in such a theme. Of course, taking into account factors well known, some abridged transcript made.
As more interviews, so were posted in two parts.
Industry Safety Week: Public Governance 30 Years of Success and Failure
: Season reporter Xiaoli (2008-2-25 15:08)
China Economic Herald February 25, 2008 30 years of combing the context of public management reform journalists
: Please describe the 30 years since the reform and the reform of public governance and the characteristics of several stages of development.
Week Yip: First, I like to say that public governance does not exist in China at present, only the public administration, but the existing public management changes as progress towards the direction of public governance. If from the perspective of public governance in 1994 is certainly an important point, because the entire financial system has undergone tremendous changes. After the reforms began to be taken before 1994 lump sum financial system, and then take the tax system degrees. If the talk about a real change in public administration in 1994 was a watershed. the tax system is a critical factor is the central and local levels of government and local power and financial power between fixed in the form by law, this is not the same as before the .1994 after some gradual changes, but no significant change, so can be said to be called 1994 a year of change. If the time to pull the longer, but also a turning point in 1978.
before the reform and opening up, China's government management system is a highly centralized administrative system, and the planned economy system to adapt. actually before the reform, China's public administration the army is a highly centralized management, in accordance with the strict control plan targets. In the pre-reform, no matter which field, are highly controlled society in the reform of economic system .1978 is to break the system. As each person's preference is varied, each person and each organization is not the same knowledge, are scattered in society, through the form of a unified plan to control the spread of social preferences and knowledge is impossible, only each person is standardized only possible, but that is contrary to human nature. Therefore, we must consider how to adapt to preferences and knowledge of the differential problem. This is Hayek's early questions. must have a mechanism to adapt to it, the market requires each of us autonomous decision-making, to deal with the problem accordingly.
administrative system before the reform in a core question is unable to effectively stimulate the central place. After the reform, public management reform of the most important is to realize this, start the level in the government the introduction of market mechanisms. The central government did not experience the beginning, I was thinking like a business if the local government to do the same thing, the local government's enthusiasm will be high. The experience from the contract system in rural areas and the implementation of successful business, rural production contract to households, farmers contracted the field after the enthusiasm increased, extended to enterprises, companies are alive. So many people wanted to make this method is extended to the Government all right. a level of contracts, contract to the county commune, county, city gravitropic contract , contracted to the provincial cities, provincial to the national contract. superior access to the provisions of the contract, the income of lower-level access to the rest of the income, there is a positive. top government similar to the project by the Employer, lower levels of government similar to the contractor, which Public administration reform and opening up a new model building after a big vision. This idea is very bold in the layers of government contracting system can not find the second, only China. as we see from the enterprise and rural vitality. But at the time envisaged only in centralized planning and control how to make it viable. did not want to finance public finance, is to give the rights of ordinary people.
in the process of implementing the contract system, the central government found places may be withheld revenues, the local I feel very disturbed, each contract is short-term, term of office may be signed several times. In this way the central and local levels of government between local and high transaction costs. each time the negotiations, not very stable work, so that very short-term local government behavior. local government revenue to as much as possible, to favor the development of some of its revenue, part of their income is not adverse development to be able to quickly put money into income-generating projects, But those who do not want to devote their energies to the people long-term profit education, healthcare, social security, the financial expenditure to generate a great deal of distortion. This brings us to the central government and local governments and between governments at all levels between a very significant problem. Meanwhile, the lower levels of government talks only with higher levels of government, without attention to other issues, just need to focus on whether or not they talk about higher levels of government, in violation of the most critical issues of public governance is the people's vote and supervision.
in the contracting system is running, higher levels of government are aware of this shortcoming. The central government first thought was how to stabilize the local government behavior, it is necessary to solidify the power of local governments, led to the tax system in 1994 . the tax system looks very similar to the contract system, the tax is divided into three, exclusive part of central government, part of the central government and local governments shared, exclusive part of the local government. But the tax system is stable, not need one to one talks, for all local government is fair. central and local governments institutionalize the power configuration, the resulting second advantage is that the local government is relatively stable behavior of the society as a whole of government behavior can be expected out.
1994 years after a sustained and stable development of China's economy and tax system in a great relationship. sub-tax reform in public administration in China has played a qualitative leap in the management of the highly centralized in a certain decentralization, local governments have a certain legal autonomy In 1994, China's public administration had a very important influence, power began to spread, it is very important. This makes China the institutionalization of the decentralization of government administration model to an initial public management model, because the level of control over completely, and now we have a certain degree of decentralization. Of course, after the tax system can not be called public governance public management, as ordinary people and a variety of third sector (such as NGO) has not a good mechanism of voting and monitoring the government, especially the third sector has not a good environment for the survival and development of the system by a variety of inhibition. or more white spots, that the Government has not treated equally and the masses the third sector. But does the tax system has brought to the public administration system conditions, making the stability of public administration in China for a long time now has been improved in the framework of the tax system. But the greatest disadvantage of the tax system is limited separation of powers, our tax sharing is still under the control of the central focus of decentralization generated is not complete is not standardized. First, the local revenue structure is not the power of their own decisions, not the power to set taxes. Generally speaking, the tax system in a complete specification under where the right to levy taxes to bring stability to the sources. such as personal income tax, property tax, which happens to be our weakest.
taxes due are not allowed to set local ownership, local no stable source of revenue to continue to engage in extra-budgetary revenue , but also engage in a disguised form of fees outside the system. according to some scholars estimate that the income outside the system is equivalent to the revenue budget, financial capital circulation is very high. where the main source of income is shared with the central turnover tax, from in the enterprise, local if you want to get more revenue sharing, we should focus on the development of enterprises on the one hand to keep investment, on the other hand must constantly support local enterprises, foreign enterprises excluded. the adverse consequences is the local protection and vicious competition, the land sold off. to seek revenue outside the system, made possible under the local income tax sharing is not an institutional growth, the growth of non-institutionalized, is a rent increase. First, it opaque where there is not clear how much revenue could not supervise, lead to very large areas of gray areas, contributing to local corruption. The key problem is that there is no supervision. the tax system from a higher level of supervision in the past that can not under the strict supervision of the system, now more can not. bottleneck when the growth phase, when gradually exposed the problem. economy through the epitaxial growth, the social mm increasingly heavy burden of environmental protection, social inequality, social protection of vulnerable groups. limited decentralization of the tax system suited to the past, because local governments have an incentive not to do such work.
China's public management must leap to reach the third stage, the stage of public finance must be implemented first. the benefits of public finance is at least taking into account the complete decentralization of local government and norms, as well as checks and balances of the local. the meaning of public finances is democracy after all the financial, local government revenue and expenditure by local people to decide, rather than determined by the higher .
the idea of public administration in China, although the livelihood issues are raised, but have not to this point, focus on livelihood issues are still relying on the mobilization of higher levels of government, change to the official assessment system going, trying to guide the local government. This will encourage local governments to formalize these problems, rather than down in reality. analogy, the past is inadequate investment in education, if education into the evaluation index, which will protect over. labor and employment has begun to over-protection. solve many people's livelihood is talk about incentive problems. protected right, but to protect the right to the protection of your people still active.
I am very worried that once the way forward,bailey UGG boots, to take higher levels of government will make a protected person no incentive to protect the party has no incentive to produce the worst results, so a lot of money into social security is not effectively used. Turning to education, protection of parties not positive, so the whole focus of the University engage in, focusing on secondary schools, we talk equal education, but they still will read If you go to construction of the equalization of education is not out of the performance. including the construction of new countryside there are some deviations, is Zhuadian Xing, the house in good repair, ordinary people did not benefit. While we should be less money for each person some of the burden of education on the sort of thing, but this assessment of the government officials can not. He put forward a sample of the village as more exciting, you can also take photographs, to attract media attention.
from the present situation, in a limited separation of powers system, the promotion of public management change is very difficult. Despite the limited separation of powers in the past to promote China's economic development, but it will bring very large problems. Once the problem of social costs exceed its benefits to uneconomical. This means with such a system must be changed. We look forward to is that public governance through the reform of China's 30 years to enter the real stage of public governance.
unless the government has courage to do this thing, otherwise the Chinese economy to achieve a leap forward again I'm not very optimistic.
progressive reforms in the fine-tuning
Reporter: What other tax system in 1994 has been small changes?
weeks Yip: In fact we are a series of fine-tuning. gradual reform has doing a lot of work. First, it is clear that the village elections, the second, the government has to improve internal oversight and strengthen the National Audit Office audit has been intensified, it is worthwhile. Third, the role of people's congresses better than before, not the system changed, but the main representative of conscious. fourth, where the legalization of many extra-budgetary funds is very important. Fifth, the promotion of e-government.
a lot of people think that government officials evaluation and incentives are changed, but in a highly controlled management mode, open a gap, so that others can participate, this is the most critical. This is my evaluation of China's public management reform and other people of different angles. Many people think that reform is a government initiative to do, but I think in the evolution of public administration, the government is passive, because the other reason behind it. continue to strengthen the voice of the residents, will lead the Government will continue to change, because the process of market continue to strengthen, so that we gradually establish a consciousness of rights awareness has to wake up. the market is to stress equality of trading, you have your rights, I have my rights, if there are problems I want you to court, so naturally the transaction will equal thinking into the public affairs, to deal with the government and the government as a transaction, if you will tell you if there are problems lawsuit. markets the concept of change, it is an invisible hand, you will find it Slowly push in the bottom, making the above changes.
Q: how do you evaluate the entire 30 years of reform and the interaction of public governance reforms?
weeks Yip: Forced market-oriented reforms of public management change, making the government continue to adapt to market changes. analogy, the floating population in Shenzhen, the pilot vote, as more and more migration to the city, survival and development in the city, contribute to, participation in public affairs, and if you do not change the public governance model, would not be able to solve this problem. We are now once the market, so that the people have tasted the sweetness, once the right to open people's consciousness, there is no right way to this sense of pressure to go back, it is not reversible. This allows us to see importance to the market, is the invisible hand of the importance of the visible hand. If the visible hand of non-twisted keep up the invisible hand, the visible hand can not survive. In In this case, China's reform is to keep each other between the two hands to strengthen the process is advancing slowly.
We can not expect a big country like ours rapid changes in the management model to public governance, public governance movement in Western countries is 20 70,80 century began to rise, which is a gradual process.
Reporter: China is now the Government's management gap with Western countries, where?
weeks Yip: the first is the gap between the public finance gap. usually Only backward countries and some transition countries do not implement public finance, so China is one of this section. Secondly, participation and supervision of residents, the form of participation and supervision are not the same. I do not think that China must implement American-style democracy. There are many democratic ideas, democratic model is the concrete implementation of the diversification. Anglo-American model of democracy is a very tedious different balance between the interests of political parties in the formation of relationships, it is the greatest degree of separation of powers. But in China, separation of powers does not mean that the biggest is the best.
a decentralized mode of operation of any of the conditions required. The most important condition, first with the economic, social and demographic diversity of a great relationship. If diversity of the more intense the stronger separation of powers, and vice versa. Our diversity is poor, because we have always been centralized, standardized repeated for thousands of years, although we have a lot of people, but we are very standardized. the United States of different ethnic are mutually independent development. Democracy is no uniform pattern.
the second one is the traditional relationship. decentralized implementation and our own degree of awareness and recognition. in a highly decentralized concept of a relatively high level of agreement case, the maximum separation of powers is easy to implement, such as the United States. But China is different. China is a totalitarian ideology traditionally a large extent, there is a certain kind of centralized control of the organization's dependence, it is difficult to form the sub-existing situation has been This is either the people or government officials can not accept. If you can not practice democracy, what with the integration of traditional Chinese, democratic or not the implementation and operation.
third, and now our depth and breadth of the market is not enough. in terms of breadth, not the market in many places. depth, the level of many markets is not enough, we see the surface of the market, the market is far different levels of the formation system. a lot of the market has not been established. This situation Decentralization is a constraint.
how hard nut to crack eating?
Reporter: There is a saying that is a good nut to crack has been reform, Ken Wan, and now only a hard nut to hoe.
Week Yip: In the field of public governance, the key is public finance, this is the most die hard, this is equivalent to the government to power. in public management, if not from the separation of powers to regulate decentralized limited conversion, then China's economic growth will be subject to the control, that is for sure. We are now a lot of social problems can not be made from the central to the promotion of many social problems is not a volume problem, but the problem right.
any country, there will be interest groups, if the rights are on the other, the interest groups can be checks and balances, but is conducive to social and public policies. Conversely, if not equal rights, with dominance of interest groups will be able to rule society, the dominant society.
such as the personal property distribution, we only for high income earners to declare, but we do not require government officials to declare, became the dominant party officials, others became underdog. We have a lot of discrimination against vulnerable groups, but also discrimination against the rich. Only the right only when such discrimination does not only have the advantage right people would be free from discrimination, rights of advantage for one party is concerned, he can discriminate against poor, the rich can also be discriminatory.
has not been the reform of our past the perspective of rights-based reform, but on the number of considerations, brought us right to the distribution of the whole society on the severe asymmetry. is bound to generate some interest groups have the advantage of power and will override the top of the whole society. If To break this, the only possible right to break this unequal distribution.
within the Government to implement public finance. public finance is indeed a very important key. how to break it? We want to create more interest group, rather than the collapse of interest groups. interest groups will compete and fight each other, we want more people into interest groups, interest groups formed the right center of the center, the so-called multi-center.
reform greatest success is wealth increased
Reporter: If you reflect on 30 years of reform, what is the greatest success of reform?
weeks Yip: The biggest success is the people's wealth increases.
Reporter: Do you think the future reform of public governance, we should emphasize?
weeks Yip: This is a global trend, not only China's problems. our rights consciousness is increasing, the West has also increased. how the world are facing the visible hand of government and between the individual rights of the residents were right balance. The Government's aim is to address issues of public interest. But in the process a lot of government use of public benefits to meet the requirements of private interests. In fact, this world is for the injured brains, how to make government more work for the public interest, but more urgent problem facing China, because China is now the norm even the stage of public administration has not done.
Reporter: What do you think China can be achieved when public governance?
week Yip: If the economic downturn does not occur, there is no war or emergency of international events, implement the optimistic estimate of public governance in 8 years. From 1978 to 1988, dramatic changes in the reform process is the 90's is .20 dramatic changes, each change will gradually lengthen the time.
fact, from the current point of view, both within the Government or private sector, the urgency of public finance have reached understanding. Now more and more concerned about this government livelihood issues. But the concern about people's livelihood, if not change the fundamental problem, is likely to become a mere formality.
Reporter: How do you reflect on the previous two years was the rise of reform discussions?
weeks Yip: I think the arguments behind the so-called , not the position of the arguments and ideas, but rather the interests of the controversy. against the market-oriented person, he now appears the problem comes down to marketing problems, you will find the real against the market, often the poor are not in the past , are often rich past. because of his past under the old system, the advantages of his party in a relatively, in this context, in the past and the wealth he has psychological advantages. After the reforms, the poor than he originally people with new opportunities, and better than him, they feel lost interest. how to fight for the interests of the public interest is to fight for personal interests. We must see that the absolute standard of living is increasing. A rural people , you let him return to the pre-reform, no one wants to, because the reforms did not eat no clothes to wear before I go back to doing? Though there are many rich people than I have money, but at least I worry about food and clothing. a lot people now can not afford a house, but in the past many people have no house.
when we are discussing now tend to forget history. in the past who has a house, some people could be assigned to a house, while others do not get anything, because the plan indicators. now at least have a chance if I had the money, sure can buy a house. In the past you have the money can not buy a house. Now, some people complain about a job, but in fact we have even a chance to choose No, what a little better? market brought us the greatest advantage is freedom of choice, rather than money. but most people only see the money, not the freedom of choice. In the past everyone from poverty, there is no freedom of choice , you can jolly it? anti-market people who do not want to go back a freedom of choice, there is no hierarchy among them equal rights, you can think that these people are for the purpose of public interest in the anti-market? I think any rational people should not believe these statements
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